1

What is the key functional difference between a Lookup relationship and a Master-Detail relationship in Salesforce?

ALookup relationships support rollup summary fields; Master-Detail does not BMaster-Detail relationships allow the detail record to exist without a parent; Lookup does not CMaster-Detail creates a tight coupling where the detail record's owner and sharing are controlled by the master, and deleting the master deletes detail records; Lookup is a loose coupling where the child can exist independently DLookup supports a maximum of 2 per object; Master-Detail supports up to 40

2

When the Organization-Wide Default (OWD) for an object is set to "Private," which record access does a user have by default without any additional sharing configuration?

AOnly records the user owns or has been explicitly granted access to via sharing rules, role hierarchy, or manual sharing BAll records in the org regardless of ownership CAll records owned by users in the same role DRecords owned by users below them in the role hierarchy

3

What is the difference between criteria-based and owner-based sharing rules?

ACriteria-based sharing rules apply to all records; owner-based rules apply only to new records BOwner-based sharing rules can grant more access than OWD; criteria-based rules cannot CCriteria-based sharing rules only work with public read-only OWD settings DOwner-based rules share records owned by members of a group/role with another group/role; criteria-based rules share records matching specific field criteria regardless of ownership

4

In Salesforce's role hierarchy, how does record access propagate upward?

AUsers lower in the hierarchy can see records owned by users above them BUsers higher in the role hierarchy can view and edit records owned by users below them, provided the OWD is not set to "Controlled by Parent" CRole hierarchy only affects dashboard visibility, not record access DRole hierarchy access is additive — each user sees only what their role explicitly grants

5

When should Apex Managed Sharing be used instead of declarative sharing rules?

AWhen sharing logic is complex and dynamic, such as sharing based on related record data or custom business logic that cannot be expressed in criteria-based sharing rule filters BWhen you need to share records with users below you in the role hierarchy CWhen the OWD is set to Public Read/Write DWhen you need to share files and content libraries only

6

Field-Level Security (FLS) in Salesforce controls which of the following?

AWhether a user can create or delete records on an object BWhich records a user can see based on record ownership CWhether a user can view or edit specific fields on an object, set at the profile or permission set level DWhether a user can deploy metadata to production

7

What is the purpose of Record Types in Salesforce?

ARecord Types control which users can delete records BRecord Types enforce validation rules for specific user groups CRecord Types allow different page layouts, picklist values, and business processes for different segments of users on the same object DRecord Types restrict which fields are visible based on the record's status field value

8

Dynamic Forms in Salesforce Lightning App Builder allow which capability that traditional page layouts do not support?

ADisplaying related list components on record pages BPlacing individual fields and sections directly on a Lightning Record Page with visibility rules that show/hide based on field values, user profiles, or device type CReplacing all standard components with custom LWC components DEnabling inline editing across all field types including formula fields

9

What is the limitation of cross-object formula fields in Salesforce?

ACross-object formulas can only reference fields on Master-Detail parent objects, not Lookup parents BCross-object formulas do not update when the referenced parent field changes unless the child record is resaved CCross-object formulas can reference up to 10 levels of relationships but cannot be used in rollup summary fields or as the source for other formulas referencing them across objects DCross-object formulas are limited to numeric field types only

10

Rollup Summary fields are only available on which type of relationship?

AMaster-Detail relationships — the rollup is on the master object summarizing child (detail) records BLookup relationships with a required parent field CMany-to-many relationships via junction objects DBoth Lookup and Master-Detail relationships

11

Which validation rule function is used to check if a field value has changed during an edit operation?

AISNULL() BISBLANK() CPRIORVALUE() DISCHANGED() — returns true if the specified field's value has changed from its previous value during the current save operation

12

What is the recommended migration path when replacing Workflow Rules and Process Builder automation with modern tools?

AMigrate to Apex triggers for all automation BMigrate to Salesforce Flow (record-triggered flows and screen flows), which Salesforce recommends as the successor to both Workflow Rules and Process Builder CMigrate to Lightning Components with @wire adapters DMigrate to custom buttons and JavaScript actions

13

In a record-triggered Flow, what is the difference between a "Before Save" and "After Save" flow?

ABefore Save flows can call external services; After Save flows cannot BAfter Save flows run before the database transaction commits; Before Save flows run after CBefore Save flows can update the triggering record's fields without an explicit DML and run faster; After Save flows run after the commit and can perform DML on other records and call subflows DBefore Save flows support screens; After Save flows do not support any user interaction

14

A multi-step approval process in Salesforce allows which advanced configuration?

ADifferent approvers at each step, with options to require unanimous or first-response approval per step, and the ability to reject back to a specific prior step BOnly sequential single approvers per step with no branching CApproval processes can call external APIs during the approval step DApproval processes automatically update related records when all steps are complete

15

Which Salesforce report type would you use to compare data across two different time periods on the same report?

AMatrix report BSummary report with a custom formula column CJoined report with two blocks filtered by different date ranges DHistorical Trending report, which captures snapshots of key field values over time and allows side-by-side comparison

16

What is Account Data Skew and how does it affect Salesforce performance?

AAccount Data Skew occurs when an account has too many opportunities, causing dashboard refresh timeouts BAccount Data Skew occurs when a single account has a disproportionately large number of child records (e.g., 10,000+ contacts), causing DML lock contention when multiple users update those child records simultaneously CAccount Data Skew is when custom fields on Account exceed the 500-field limit DAccount Data Skew refers to duplicate account records causing inaccurate reports

17

Which approach helps optimize SOQL query performance on a large Salesforce object?

AAlways include ORDER BY to help Salesforce choose the best index BUse SELECT * syntax to retrieve all fields and filter in Apex CFilter on indexed fields (standard indexes on Id, Name, OwnerId, CreatedDate; or custom indexes on high-cardinality fields) in the WHERE clause to make queries selective DUse LIMIT 50000 on all queries to prevent full table scans

18

What is a Skinny Table in Salesforce, and when should you request one?

AA Skinny Table is a Salesforce-maintained narrow copy of an object table containing only the most frequently queried fields, which dramatically speeds up those queries by avoiding wide table scans; you request one from Salesforce support for objects with large data volumes and recurring performance issues BA Skinny Table is a developer-created view of an object with fewer fields CA Skinny Table archives old records to reduce the main table size DA Skinny Table is automatically created when custom indexes are added to an object

19

What is the maximum number of custom objects available in a Salesforce Enterprise Edition org?

A100 B500 C1,000 D2,000 custom objects in Enterprise Edition (with additional capacity available)

20

When comparing Change Sets versus Unlocked Packages for deployment, which statement is most accurate?

AChange Sets support dependency tracking and version control; Unlocked Packages do not BUnlocked Packages support versioning, dependency management, and source-driven development; Change Sets are manual, UI-driven, and have no version history or dependency resolution CChange Sets can be used across any two unrelated orgs without a deployment connection DUnlocked Packages require a separate AppExchange listing before deployment

21

What is the purpose of a Scratch Org in Salesforce DX development?

AA Scratch Org is a type of production environment for small businesses BA Scratch Org is a permanent sandbox environment for user acceptance testing CA Scratch Org is a disposable, short-lived Salesforce environment created from a source definition file, used for development and testing in a source-driven development workflow DA Scratch Org is a read-only copy of production data for reporting

22

Which sandbox type provides the most complete copy of production data, including all records?

AFull Copy Sandbox — it replicates all production data and metadata, takes the longest to create, and has a 29-day refresh interval BPartial Copy Sandbox — it copies all records up to 10,000 per object CDeveloper Pro Sandbox — it includes all data and 1 GB storage DDeveloper Sandbox — it copies all metadata and data by default

23

What is the minimum Apex test coverage percentage required to deploy code to a Salesforce production org?

A50% B60% C80% D75% — at least 75% of all Apex code must be covered, and all triggers must have at least 1% coverage

24

Why should Apex test classes use @IsTest(SeeAllData=false) as a best practice?

AIt allows tests to query all production data for more realistic test scenarios BIt isolates tests from existing org data, making tests repeatable, predictable, and independent of production data state; tests should create their own test data CIt prevents test data from being deleted after test runs DIt is required for tests to run in parallel

25

Which data migration tool is best suited for migrating 5 million records from an external system into Salesforce?

ASalesforce Data Loader in Insert mode via the UI BImport Wizard in Setup CBulk API 2.0 (via Data Loader or a custom ETL tool) — designed for high-volume asynchronous data operations, processing records in optimized batches to handle millions of records DREST API with sequential POST requests for each record

26

In many-to-many relationships in Salesforce, how is the relationship implemented?

AThrough a Junction Object — a custom object with two Master-Detail relationships, one to each of the two objects being related, effectively creating a many-to-many association BThrough a special "many-to-many" relationship type available in the object manager CThrough two Lookup relationships on the same object pointing to each other DThrough a shared picklist field on both objects that references the same values

27

What is the maximum number of DML statements allowed per Apex transaction?

A50 B100 C200 for asynchronous, 50 for synchronous D150 DML statements per transaction (synchronous or asynchronous)

28

When should a declarative approach (Flow, validation rules) be chosen over a programmatic approach (Apex) for business logic?

AWhen the logic involves complex mathematical calculations requiring loops BWhen the logic can be clearly expressed without code, needs to be maintained by admins, doesn't require complex data manipulation or callouts, and has straightforward conditional branching CWhen performance is the top priority as declarative tools run faster than Apex DWhen bulk data operations are needed, as Flow handles bulk better than Apex

29

What is ownership skew and how should it be addressed?

AOwnership skew is when records have no owner assigned; fix by setting a default owner in OWD BOwnership skew happens when the role hierarchy is too deep; flatten the hierarchy to resolve it COwnership skew occurs when a single user owns a disproportionate number of records (e.g., 100,000+), causing sharing recalculation performance issues; address by reassigning ownership to multiple users or a queue DOwnership skew is a reporting issue caused by users having access to records they don't own

30

In Lightning App Builder, what are Component Visibility filters used for?

ATo conditionally show or hide Lightning components on a record page based on field values, user profile, permission sets, device type, or record type without writing code BTo filter which records are displayed in a related list component CTo control which users can edit the page layout in App Builder DTo apply FLS rules to fields displayed in custom components

31

What is the purpose of the PRIORVALUE() function in Salesforce formula fields and validation rules?

AIt returns the value of a field from the related parent record BIt returns the first value a field was set to when the record was created CIt returns the next value a field will have after a scheduled update DIt returns the field's value before the current save operation, useful in validation rules to compare old and new values

32

Which dashboard component type is best for showing how actual values compare to target values (e.g., pipeline vs. quota)?

AFunnel chart BGauge or Metric component — the Gauge shows the current value against a target range with colored thresholds CScatter chart DJoined report displayed as a table

33

What is a custom index in Salesforce, and when should you request one?

AA custom index is a formula field used to generate unique record identifiers BA custom index is automatically created when you mark a field as "External ID" CA custom index is a database index created by Salesforce support on a specific field to optimize queries filtering on that field; request it when SOQL on a non-standard-indexed field causes performance issues on a large object DA custom index is a lookup field that links to a custom hierarchy object

34

In Salesforce, what is the maximum number of active scheduled flows (Scheduled Paths) across all record-triggered flows?

AThere is a limit of 2,000 scheduled flow interview executions per day per org (subject to license), not on the number of flows themselves; architects must plan for high-volume triggers BMaximum 10 scheduled flows per org CMaximum 50 scheduled flows per object DMaximum 1 scheduled flow per record-triggered flow

35

What is the "Controlled by Parent" OWD setting and on which relationship type is it automatically applied?

AIt is the OWD for standard objects like Lead and Campaign BIt applies to objects on the many side of a lookup relationship CIt applies to all custom objects with External ID fields DIt is the automatic OWD for detail records in a Master-Detail relationship — the detail record's sharing and access is always determined by the master record's sharing settings

36

Which Salesforce limit governs how many records can be processed in a single Apex DML operation (e.g., insert, update)?

A1,000 records per DML call B10,000 records per DML call in a single transaction C5,000 records per DML call D50,000 records per DML call

37

What is the difference between a Summary report and a Matrix report in Salesforce?

ASummary reports support custom formula columns; Matrix reports do not BMatrix reports can only be used in dashboards; Summary reports cannot CSummary reports group data by rows only; Matrix reports group data by both rows and columns, enabling cross-tabulation of two dimensions (e.g., Stage vs. Close Month) DSummary reports support historical trending; Matrix reports do not

38

What is a Permission Set Group in Salesforce and how does it simplify access management?

AA Permission Set Group bundles multiple Permission Sets together so admins can assign a single group to a user instead of assigning each Permission Set individually, simplifying access management for complex personas BA Permission Set Group replaces profiles entirely and cannot be used alongside them CA Permission Set Group restricts the permissions granted by individual Permission Sets to specific record types DA Permission Set Group is a legacy feature replaced by muting permission sets in newer Salesforce releases

39

Why is it an anti-pattern to put SOQL queries or DML statements inside a for loop in Apex?

AFor loops in Apex are slower than while loops, so the performance degrades linearly BSOQL inside a for loop causes heap size limit exceptions immediately CDML inside a for loop causes all previous DML operations to roll back DEach iteration consumes one query or DML statement from the per-transaction governor limit, so processing a large list will quickly exhaust the 100 SOQL or 150 DML limits and throw a LimitException

40

What is the function of the ISBLANK() formula in Salesforce, and how does it differ from ISNULL()?

AISBLANK() works only on number fields; ISNULL() works on text fields BISBLANK() handles both null and empty string values (important for text fields); ISNULL() only checks for null and does not treat empty strings as blank on text fields, so ISBLANK() is the recommended function for all field types CISNULL() is the newer function and supersedes ISBLANK() in all formula contexts DISBLANK() is only available in validation rules; ISNULL() works everywhere

41

A large data volume strategy for Salesforce recommends which approach for archiving records to maintain query performance?

ADelete old records permanently using the Bulk API to reduce table size BMove old records to a separate Salesforce org and use Salesforce Connect External Objects to query them CArchive records to an external system (data lake, cloud storage) and optionally surface them in Salesforce via External Objects, retaining only active operational records in the org to keep table sizes manageable DCompress old records using Salesforce Shield Platform Encryption to reduce storage

42

In Salesforce, what is a Joined Report and when should it be used?

AA Joined Report combines data from up to 5 report blocks, each with a different report type, displayed side by side in a single report — useful for comparing different sets of data (e.g., open cases vs. closed cases) in one view BA Joined Report uses a SQL-style JOIN to combine two objects that don't have a relationship in Salesforce CA Joined Report is a report that spans two orgs using cross-org adapters DA Joined Report is available only in CRM Analytics, not standard Salesforce Reports

43

Which Salesforce feature allows a screen flow to be embedded in a Lightning Record Page to guide users through a step-by-step process?

ACustom LWC with @AuraEnabled Apex methods BVisualforce page embedded via the VF component in App Builder CApproval Process with a guided interface step DThe standard "Flow" Lightning component in Lightning App Builder, which takes a Flow API Name and optional input variables to launch a Screen Flow directly on the record page

44

What is the maximum number of custom fields allowed on a standard object in Salesforce?

A100 custom fields per standard object B500 custom fields per standard object (though actual limits vary by field type and object — the platform enforces a column limit per table) CUnlimited custom fields with no practical limit D250 custom fields per standard object

45

Which Salesforce automation fires after a record is saved, supports creating records of other object types, and runs in system context — but does NOT support waiting/scheduled actions (unlike Workflow Rules)?

ABefore-save record-triggered Flow BWorkflow Rule with immediate actions only CAfter-save record-triggered Flow without scheduled paths — it runs after the save, can create/update related records, but the flow itself does not have time-based waits unless a Scheduled Path is configured DApex trigger running in after insert/update context

46

What is the recommended approach to handle large amounts of data in Apex without hitting heap size limits?

AUse SOQL for loops (for (SObject s : [SELECT ... FROM ...])) which process records in chunks of 200, keeping heap usage low instead of materializing the entire result set into a List BUse Database.query() with OFFSET pagination to retrieve all records in sequence CUse @future methods to defer the query to an async context DSet the Governor Limit to a higher value using System.setHeapLimit()

47

Which Salesforce sandbox type allows you to specify a subset of production data using a sandbox template?

ADeveloper Sandbox BDeveloper Pro Sandbox CFull Copy Sandbox DPartial Copy Sandbox — it allows a sandbox template to define which objects and up to how many records to include, providing a representative data subset

48

What is the purpose of the "External ID" field attribute in Salesforce?

AExternal ID fields are only used for Salesforce Connect External Objects BExternal ID fields store a unique identifier from an external system; they are automatically indexed, enabling upsert operations using the external ID as the match key during data migration CExternal ID fields are visible only to system administrators DExternal ID fields replace the Salesforce record ID for all API operations

49

What is the difference between a "before insert" and "after insert" trigger context in Salesforce?

ABefore insert triggers can read Trigger.old values; after insert triggers cannot BAfter insert triggers allow field updates on the triggering record using direct assignment without DML CBefore insert triggers fire before the record is committed to the database, allowing field value modifications without an extra DML; after insert triggers fire after the record is saved and records have an Id, enabling DML on related records DBefore insert triggers support callouts; after insert triggers do not

50

Which Salesforce feature would you recommend for an organization that needs to apply the same set of permissions to thousands of users who serve different functional roles but all need access to a specific set of tools?

APermission Sets assigned directly to users — a single Permission Set can be assigned to any number of users regardless of their profile, enabling targeted access grants without duplicating profiles BCreate a new Profile for each combination of permissions needed CUse Sharing Rules to grant access to specific object records DUse a Role that grants access to all objects and fields needed

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